The model was validated by simulating the collapse of a 3-D column of sand with two different aspect ratios the results showed that the SPH method is capable of simulating granular flow. The elastic–perfectly plastic model with implementation of the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion is applied to simulate the material behavior, which describes the stress states of soil in the plastic flow regime. In this study, a three dimensional (3-D) Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) model is developed to simulate granular flow past different types of obstacles. It is important to understand how granular material flows around such obstacles in order to enhance the design of defense structures. a snow avalanche) impact on an obstacle as they stream down a slope, rapid changes in flow depth, direction and velocity will occur. In nature, when hazardous geophysical granular flows (e.g.
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